Questions for the exam in the “Physics” course for students of technological specialties of the correspondence form of learning
1 st semester
Introduction
1. The subject of physics. Research methods in physics. Physical laws and their importance. Physics is the basis of natural and technical sciences.
- PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CLASSICAL MECHANICS
Kinematics of the material point movement and forward movement of the body
2. Reference systems. Path of motion. Displacement vector.
3. Mean and instantaneous velocities, mean and instantaneous acceleration, full acceleration and its components.
4. Steady motion, uniformly variable motion.
- DYNAMICS
Dynamics of a material point
5. Mass, body momentum and force.
6. Newton’s laws (1st, 2nd and 3rd laws).
7. Types of forces (gravitational forces, elastic forces and friction forces).
8. The law of the momentum conservation.
9. Energy, work and power.
10. Mechanical energy: kinetic energy and potential energy.
11. The law of conservation and transformation of energy. Conservative and dissipative forces.
12. Application of the dynamics laws for machines and mechanisms in the food industry.
Mechanics of a solid body
13. Kinematics of the rotating body. Angular velocity and angular acceleration. Relationship between linear and angular quantities.
14. Moment of inertia of the material point. Moment of inertia of the body.
15. Kinetic energy of the rotational motion.
16. Moment of force. Equation of the rotational motion dynamics.
17. Angular momentum. The law of the angular momentum conservation.
18. The operation principle of centrifuges and separators; their application in the food industry.
Elements of fluid mechanics
19. Pressure in the liquid. Continuity equation. Bernoulli equation and its consequences. Turbulent and laminar movement. Toricelli’s and Poiseuille’s formulas. The law of Stokes. Viscosimeters.
- MOLECULAR PHYSICS
20. Laws of ideal gases. Isoprocesses The basic equation of the molecular kinetic theory of gases.
21. Mean free path. Vacuum.
Transport phenomena
22. Diffusion. Thermal conductivity. Internal friction.
23. Application of the transport phenomena in food processing: heating, sterilization, freezing.
Real gases and liquids. Phase transformations
24. Aggregate state of matter. Real gases, van der Waals’s equation. Internal energy of the real gas.
25. Properties of liquids. Surface tension. Wetting. Capillary phenomena. Pressure under the curved liquid surface. 26. Phase transitions of the 1st and 2nd order. State diagram.
- THERMODYNAMICS
26. Internal energy of gases. The 1st law of thermodynamics.
27. Heat capacity. Molar and specific heat capacity.
28. Adiabatic process.
29. The 2nd law of thermodynamics.
30. Circular processes (cycles). The operation principle of a heat engine.
- ELECTRODYNAMICS
Electrostatics
31. The interaction of electric charges. Coulomb’s law.
32. Electric field. Field strength and electric field potential, lines of the field strength.
33. Work during a charge moving in the electric field. Electric field potential. Potential difference. Interrelation between the field potential and the field strength.
34. Types of dielectrics. Piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects. Application of piezo- and pyroelectrics in pressure and temperature sensors.
35. Conductors in the electric field. Electric capacitance. Capacitor. Electric field energy.
DC current
36. Electric current in conductors, conditions of its existence.
37. Current characteristics (current strength and current density).
38. The classical theory of the metals electrical conductivity.
39. Ohm’s law for a subcircuit. Resistance of the conductor.
40. Current source. Electromotive force (EMF). Ohm’s law for a full circuit..
41. Chain branching. Kirchhoff’s rules.
42. Work and power of the current. Joule-Lenz’s law. Electrical heating in food technological processes.
43. Electric current in gases. Self-sustained discharge and nonself-sustained discharge.
44. Thermoelectricity. Seebeck’s and Peltier’s phenomena. Thermocouples. Thermoelements.
Questions for the end-of-term test in physics
2 nd semester
Magnetic field
1. Magnetic field of a conductor with current. Right-hand screw rule. Magnetic field induction vector.
2. Ampere’s law for a force acting in the magnetic field on a conductor with current. Lorenz’s force. Electronic oscilloscope and its application.
3. Circuit with current in magnetic field. Magnetic flux. Application of magnetic probes in the food industry technological processes.
Magnetic properties of matter
4. Magnetic moments of atoms. Magnetization. Diamagnetism and paramagnetism. Magnetic field strength. Magnetic permeability of the medium. Ferromagnetics and their applications in engineering.
Electromagnetic induction
5. Electromagnetic induction. Faraday’s law and the rule of Lenz.
6. Mutual induction and self-induction.
7. Transformer. Magnetic field energy.
8. Influence of the electromagnetic field on biological objects.
- OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES
9. Oscillatory movements. Equation of the harmonic oscillation. Characteristics of the oscillatory motion (amplitude, frequency, period and phase of oscillations).
10. Mechanical and electrical free oscillations.
11. Damped oscillations and forced oscillations. Resonance.
12. Sinusoidal alternating current. Electromagnetic oscillations.
13. Wave processes. Wavelength.
14. Application of electromagnetic oscillations in food processing technologies.
15. Sound and ultrasound. Application of ultrasound in food processing technologies.
16. Electromagnetic waves. Scale of the electromagnetic waves. Application of electromagnetic waves in the food industry.
- OPTICS
Elements of geometric optics
17. Basic laws of the geometric optics.
18. The phenomenon of the total internal reflection. Light guides.
19. Refraction of light on a spherical surface and in thin lenses.
20. Construction of images in the lenses. Formula of a thin lens. Lens magnification.
21. Aberrations in optical systems. Microscopes. Refractometers.
- WAVE OPTICS
Interference of light
22. Monochromatism and coherence of light waves. Interference of light.
23. Interferometers. Interference in thin films. Thin films in nature. Blooming of optical systems.
Light diffraction
24. The principle of Huygens – Fresnel. Fresnel’s zone method. Rectilinear propagation of light. Single-slit diffraction and diffraction grating.
25. Spatial lattice. Diffraction on a spatial lattice. Wulff – Bragg’s formula. X-ray spectral and X-ray structural analysis. The concept of holography.
Light dispersion
26. Normal and anomalous dispersion.
Polarization of light
27. Natural and polarized light. The law of Malus.
28. Polarization of light during reflection and refraction at the boundary between two dielectrics.
29. Double refraction of light by crystals. Nicolas’s prism. Saccharimetry.
30. Optically active substances. Rotation of the polarization plane. Polarimeters
Light absorption
31. The law of the Booger – Lambert. Concentration calorimetry.
32. The scattering of light. Greenhouse effect.
33. Application of bactericidal action of the ultraviolet radiation for sanitization of air.
- QUANTUM NATURE OF RADIATION
Heat radiation
34. Thermal radiation and its characteristics (emission and absorption of energy by bodies). Blackbody.
35. The laws of Kirchhoff, Stefan-Boltzmann and Wien for radiation from a blackbody. Planck’s quantum hypothesis.
36. Application of electromagnetic radiation for processing of food products and their quality control.
37. Optical pyrometry. Sources of the heat radiation.
Types of the photoelectric effect
38. External photoelectric effect. The laws of the external photoelectric effect, Einstein’s equation for the photoelectric effect.
39. Internal photoelectric effect. Application of the photoelectric effect.
Quantum – corpuscular dualism
40. Mass and momentum of a photon. Light pressure. Compton’s effect. Quantum theory dualism.
- ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Structure of an atom
41. Structure of the atom according to Rutherford’s theory. Discrete spectrum of atoms, discreteness of the states of atomic systems. Bohr’s postulates. The spectrum of the hydrogen atom according to Bohr’s theory.
42. Quantum numbers of electrons in atoms. Pauli exclusion principle, the electron shells of atoms. Periodic system of elements.
43. Origin of continuous and characteristic X-ray spectra. The biological effect of X-rays.
Elements of quantum physics of molecules
44. Chemical bonds in molecules. Molecular spectra. Raman’s scattering of light. Photochemical reactions. Disintegration of molecules during photoexcitation.
Elements of solid state physics
45. Metals, dielectrics and semiconductors from the band theory point of view. Intrinsic conduction and impurity conduction of semiconductors.
46. Contact of electron and hole semiconductors. Semiconductor diodes and transistors.
47. Microelectronics is the basis of the hardware of technological lines of the food industry.
Atomic nucleus and elementary particles
48. The structure of nuclei; nucleons. Nuclear forces. Mass defect and binding energy of the nuclei.
49. Stable and unstable nuclei. Radioactivity. Law of the radioactive decay. Half-life period. Effect of the ionizing radiation on a living organism.
50. Characterization of α-, β-, and γ- radiations. Displacement rules (Faience and Soddy rules) and conservation laws. Nuclear reaction.
51. Chain reaction, Nuclear fission and fusion reactions. The problem of the controlled thermonuclear reactions.
52. Application of radioactive isotopes in engineering and biology. Environmental problems of the nuclear power engineering.
53. The concept of elementary particles.
